diff --git a/examples/basic/server.ts b/examples/basic/server.ts
index 537ba93..4e4cad6 100644
--- a/examples/basic/server.ts
+++ b/examples/basic/server.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {
 	application,
 	resource,
-	valibot as v,
+	validation as v,
 	serializers,
 	encodings,
 } from '../../src';
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ const User = resource(v.object(
 	},
 	v.never()
 ))
-	.name('User')
-	.fullText('bio')
-	.id('id', {
+	.id('id' as const, {
 		generationStrategy: autoIncrement,
 		serialize: (id) => id?.toString() ?? '0',
 		deserialize: (id) => Number.isFinite(Number(id)) ? Number(id) : 0,
 		schema: v.number(),
-	});
+	})
+	.name('User')
+	.fullText('bio');
 
 const app = application({
 	name: 'piano-service',
diff --git a/src/core.ts b/src/core.ts
index 70d784d..f86286d 100644
--- a/src/core.ts
+++ b/src/core.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import * as http from 'http';
 import * as https from 'https';
 import { constants } from 'http2';
 import { pluralize } from 'inflection';
-import {BaseSchema, ObjectSchema, Output} from 'valibot';
+import * as v from 'valibot';
 import { SerializerPair } from './serializers';
 import {
 	handleCreateItem, handleDeleteItem, handleEmplaceItem,
@@ -20,11 +20,12 @@ import * as applicationJson from './serializers/application/json';
 
 // TODO separate frontend and backend factory methods
 
-export interface DataSource<T = object> {
+export interface DataSource<T = object, Q = object> {
 	initialize(): Promise<unknown>;
-	getTotalCount?(): Promise<number>;
-	getMultiple(): Promise<T[]>;
-	getSingle(id: string): Promise<T | null>;
+	getTotalCount?(query?: Q): Promise<number>;
+	getMultiple(query?: Q): Promise<T[]>;
+	getById(id: string): Promise<T | null>;
+	getSingle?(query?: Q): Promise<T | null>;
 	create(data: T): Promise<T>;
 	delete(id: string): Promise<unknown>;
 	emplace(id: string, data: T): Promise<[T, boolean]>;
@@ -36,12 +37,12 @@ export interface ApplicationParams {
 	dataSource?: (resource: Resource) => DataSource;
 }
 
-interface ResourceState<T extends BaseSchema> {
-	idAttr: string;
+interface ResourceState<IdAttr extends string = string, IdSchema extends v.BaseSchema = v.BaseSchema> {
+	idAttr: IdAttr;
 	itemName: string;
 	collectionName: string;
 	routeName: string;
-	idConfig: ResourceIdConfig<T>;
+	idConfig: ResourceIdConfig<IdSchema>;
 	fullTextAttrs: Set<string>;
 	canCreate: boolean;
 	canFetchCollection: boolean;
@@ -51,11 +52,18 @@ interface ResourceState<T extends BaseSchema> {
 	canDelete: boolean;
 }
 
-export interface Resource<T extends BaseSchema = any, IdSchema extends BaseSchema = any> {
+export interface Resource<
+	ResourceSchema extends v.BaseSchema = v.BaseSchema,
+	IdAttr extends string = string,
+	IdSchema extends v.BaseSchema = v.BaseSchema
+> {
 	newId(dataSource: DataSource): string | number | unknown;
-	schema: T;
-	state: ResourceState<IdSchema>;
-	id(newIdAttr: string, params: ResourceIdConfig<IdSchema>): this;
+	schema: ResourceSchema;
+	state: ResourceState<IdAttr, IdSchema>;
+	id<NewIdAttr extends IdAttr, TheIdSchema extends v.BaseSchema>(
+		newIdAttr: NewIdAttr,
+		params: ResourceIdConfig<TheIdSchema>
+	): Resource<ResourceSchema, NewIdAttr, TheIdSchema>;
 	fullText(fullTextAttr: string): this;
 	name(n: string): this;
 	collection(n: string): this;
@@ -68,7 +76,7 @@ export interface Resource<T extends BaseSchema = any, IdSchema extends BaseSchem
 	canDelete(b?: boolean): this;
 }
 
-export interface ResourceWithDataSource<T extends BaseSchema = any> extends Resource<T> {
+export interface ResourceWithDataSource<T extends v.BaseSchema> extends Resource<T> {
 	dataSource: DataSource;
 }
 
@@ -76,14 +84,14 @@ interface GenerationStrategy {
 	(dataSource: DataSource, ...args: unknown[]): Promise<string | number | unknown>;
 }
 
-interface ResourceIdConfig<T extends BaseSchema> {
+interface ResourceIdConfig<IdSchema extends v.BaseSchema> {
 	generationStrategy: GenerationStrategy;
 	serialize: (id: unknown) => string;
-	deserialize: (id: string) => Output<T>;
-	schema: T;
+	deserialize: (id: string) => v.Output<IdSchema>;
+	schema: IdSchema;
 }
 
-const getAllowedMiddlewares = (resource: Resource, mainResourceId: string) => {
+const getAllowedMiddlewares = <T extends v.BaseSchema>(resource: Resource<T>, mainResourceId: string) => {
 	const middlewares = [] as [string, Middleware][];
 	if (mainResourceId === '') {
 		if (resource.state.canFetchCollection) {
@@ -111,7 +119,11 @@ const getAllowedMiddlewares = (resource: Resource, mainResourceId: string) => {
 	return middlewares;
 };
 
-export const resource = <T extends BaseSchema, Id extends BaseSchema = any>(schema: T): Resource<T, Id> => {
+export const resource = <
+	ResourceSchema extends v.BaseSchema,
+	IdAttr extends string = string,
+	IdSchema extends v.BaseSchema = v.BaseSchema
+>(schema: ResourceSchema): Resource<ResourceSchema, IdAttr, IdSchema> => {
 	const resourceState = {
 		fullTextAttrs: new Set<string>(),
 		canCreate: false,
@@ -120,13 +132,13 @@ export const resource = <T extends BaseSchema, Id extends BaseSchema = any>(sche
 		canPatch: false,
 		canEmplace: false,
 		canDelete: false,
-	} as Partial<ResourceState<Id>>;
+	} as ResourceState<IdAttr, IdSchema>;
 
 	return {
-		get state(): ResourceState<Id> {
+		get state(): ResourceState<IdAttr, IdSchema> {
 			return Object.freeze({
 				...resourceState
-			}) as unknown as ResourceState<Id>;
+			}) as unknown as ResourceState<IdAttr, IdSchema>;
 		},
 		canFetchCollection(b = true) {
 			resourceState.canFetchCollection = b;
@@ -152,10 +164,10 @@ export const resource = <T extends BaseSchema, Id extends BaseSchema = any>(sche
 			resourceState.canDelete = b;
 			return this;
 		},
-		id(newIdAttr: string, params: ResourceIdConfig<Id>) {
+		id<NewIdAttr extends IdAttr, NewIdSchema extends IdSchema>(newIdAttr: NewIdAttr, params: ResourceIdConfig<NewIdSchema>) {
 			resourceState.idAttr = newIdAttr;
 			resourceState.idConfig = params;
-			return this;
+			return this as Resource<ResourceSchema, NewIdAttr, NewIdSchema>;
 		},
 		newId(dataSource: DataSource) {
 			return resourceState?.idConfig?.generationStrategy?.(dataSource);
@@ -164,8 +176,8 @@ export const resource = <T extends BaseSchema, Id extends BaseSchema = any>(sche
 			if (
 				schema.type === 'object'
 				&& (
-					schema as unknown as ObjectSchema<
-						Record<string, BaseSchema>,
+					schema as unknown as v.ObjectSchema<
+						Record<string, v.BaseSchema>,
 						undefined,
 						Record<string, string>
 					>
@@ -207,8 +219,8 @@ export const resource = <T extends BaseSchema, Id extends BaseSchema = any>(sche
 		},
 		get schema() {
 			return schema;
-		}
-	} as Resource;
+		},
+	} as Resource<ResourceSchema, IdAttr, IdSchema>;
 };
 
 interface CreateServerParams {
@@ -232,7 +244,7 @@ interface HandlerState {
 }
 
 export interface ApplicationState {
-	resources: Set<ResourceWithDataSource>;
+	resources: Set<ResourceWithDataSource<any>>;
 	languages: Map<string, MessageCollection>;
 	serializers: Map<string, SerializerPair>;
 	encodings: Map<string, EncodingPair>;
@@ -256,6 +268,8 @@ export interface MessageCollection {
 		resourceFetched(resource: Resource): string;
 		resourceNotFound(resource: Resource): string;
 		deleteNonExistingResource(resource: Resource): string;
+		unableToGenerateIdFromResourceDataSource(resource: Resource): string;
+		unableToEmplaceResource(resource: Resource): string;
 		unableToSerializeResponse(): string;
 		unableToEncodeResponse(): string;
 		unableToDeleteResource(resource: Resource): string;
@@ -293,7 +307,7 @@ export interface BackendState {
 	showTotalItemCountOnCreateItem: boolean;
 }
 
-interface MiddlewareArgs {
+interface MiddlewareArgs<T extends v.BaseSchema> {
 	handlerState: HandlerState;
 	backendState: BackendState;
 	appState: ApplicationState;
@@ -305,13 +319,13 @@ interface MiddlewareArgs {
 	errorResponseBodyLanguage: [string, MessageCollection];
 	errorResponseBodyEncoding: [string, EncodingPair];
 	errorResponseBodyMediaType: [string, SerializerPair];
-	resource: ResourceWithDataSource;
+	resource: ResourceWithDataSource<T>;
 	resourceId: string;
 	query: URLSearchParams;
 }
 
 export interface Middleware {
-	(args: MiddlewareArgs): RequestListenerWithReturn<HandlerState | Promise<HandlerState>>
+	<T extends v.BaseSchema = v.BaseSchema>(args: MiddlewareArgs<T>): RequestListenerWithReturn<HandlerState | Promise<HandlerState>>
 }
 
 export interface Backend {
@@ -332,14 +346,14 @@ export interface Application {
 	contentType(mimeTypePrefix: string, serializerPair: SerializerPair): this;
 	language(languageCode: string, messageCollection: MessageCollection): this;
 	encoding(encoding: string, encodingPair: EncodingPair): this;
-	resource(resRaw: Partial<Resource>): this;
+	resource<T extends v.BaseSchema>(resRaw: Partial<Resource<T>>): this;
 	createBackend(): Backend;
 	createClient(): Client;
 }
 
 export const application = (appParams: ApplicationParams): Application => {
 	const appState: ApplicationState = {
-		resources: new Set<ResourceWithDataSource>(),
+		resources: new Set<ResourceWithDataSource<any>>(),
 		languages: new Map<string, MessageCollection>(),
 		serializers: new Map<string, SerializerPair>(),
 		encodings: new Map<string, EncodingPair>(),
@@ -362,13 +376,13 @@ export const application = (appParams: ApplicationParams): Application => {
 			appState.languages.set(languageCode, messageCollection);
 			return this;
 		},
-		resource(resRaw: Partial<Resource>) {
-			const res = resRaw as Partial<ResourceWithDataSource>;
+		resource<T extends v.BaseSchema>(resRaw: Partial<Resource<T>>) {
+			const res = resRaw as Partial<ResourceWithDataSource<T>>;
 			res.dataSource = res.dataSource ?? appParams.dataSource?.(res as Resource);
 			if (typeof res.dataSource === 'undefined') {
 				throw new Error(`Resource ${res.state!.itemName} must have a data source.`);
 			}
-			appState.resources.add(res as ResourceWithDataSource);
+			appState.resources.add(res as ResourceWithDataSource<T>);
 			return this;
 		},
 		createClient(): Client {
@@ -411,7 +425,6 @@ export const application = (appParams: ApplicationParams): Application => {
 				showTotalItemCountOnCreateItem: false,
 				throws404OnDeletingNotFound: false,
 				checksSerializersOnDelete: false,
-
 			};
 
 			return {
@@ -466,6 +479,7 @@ export const application = (appParams: ApplicationParams): Application => {
 						const errorEncodingKey = backendState.errorHeaders.encoding ?? backendState.fallback.encoding;
 						const errorEncoding = appState.encodings.get(errorEncodingKey) ?? fallbackEncoding;
 
+						// TODO refactor
 						const [currentLanguageCode, currentLanguageMessages] = availableLanguages.find(([code]) => code === languageCandidate) ?? [];
 						if (typeof currentLanguageCode === 'undefined' || typeof currentLanguageMessages === 'undefined') {
 							const data = errorMessageCollection.bodies.languageNotAcceptable();
@@ -513,7 +527,7 @@ export const application = (appParams: ApplicationParams): Application => {
 							return;
 						}
 
-						const middlewareArgs: Omit<MiddlewareArgs, 'resource' | 'resourceId'> = {
+						const middlewareArgs: Omit<MiddlewareArgs<never>, 'resource' | 'resourceId'> = {
 							handlerState: {
 								handled: false
 							},
@@ -530,13 +544,13 @@ export const application = (appParams: ApplicationParams): Application => {
 							errorResponseBodyLanguage: [errorLanguageCode, errorMessageCollection],
 						};
 
-						const methodAndUrl = await handleHasMethodAndUrl(middlewareArgs as MiddlewareArgs)(req, res);
+						const methodAndUrl = await handleHasMethodAndUrl(middlewareArgs as MiddlewareArgs<never>)(req, res);
 						if (methodAndUrl.handled) {
 							return;
 						}
 
 						if (url === '/') {
-							const middlewareState = await handleGetRoot(middlewareArgs as MiddlewareArgs)(req, res);
+							const middlewareState = await handleGetRoot(middlewareArgs as MiddlewareArgs<never>)(req, res);
 							if (middlewareState.handled) {
 								return;
 							}
diff --git a/src/data-sources/file-jsonl.ts b/src/data-sources/file-jsonl.ts
index 26dd119..e731979 100644
--- a/src/data-sources/file-jsonl.ts
+++ b/src/data-sources/file-jsonl.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export class DataSource<T extends Record<string, string>> implements DataSourceI
 		return [...this.data];
 	}
 
-	async getSingle(idSerialized: string) {
+	async getById(idSerialized: string) {
 		const id = this.resource.state.idConfig.deserialize(idSerialized);
 		const foundData = this.data.find((s) => s[this.resource.state.idAttr as string] === id);
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ export class DataSource<T extends Record<string, string>> implements DataSourceI
 	}
 
 	async emplace(idSerialized: string, dataWithId: T) {
-		const existing = await this.getSingle(idSerialized);
+		const existing = await this.getById(idSerialized);
 		const id = this.resource.state.idConfig.deserialize(idSerialized);
 		const { [this.resource.state.idAttr]: idFromResource, ...data } = dataWithId;
 		const dataToEmplace = {
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ export class DataSource<T extends Record<string, string>> implements DataSourceI
 	}
 
 	async patch(idSerialized: string, data: Partial<T>) {
-		const existing = await this.getSingle(idSerialized);
+		const existing = await this.getById(idSerialized);
 		if (!existing) {
 			return null;
 		}
diff --git a/src/handlers.ts b/src/handlers.ts
index 6453ce4..075033e 100644
--- a/src/handlers.ts
+++ b/src/handlers.ts
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ export const handleGetRoot: Middleware = ({
 	responseBodyEncoding: [encodingKey, encoding],
 	errorResponseBodyLanguage: [errorLanguageCode, errorMessageCollection],
 }) => (_req: IncomingMessage, res: ServerResponse) => {
-	const singleResDatum = {
+	const data = {
 		name: appParams.name
 	};
 
 	let serialized;
 	try {
-		serialized = responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(singleResDatum);
+		serialized = responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(data);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ export const handleGetRoot: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
-	let theFormatted;
+	let encoded;
 	try {
-		theFormatted = encoding.encode(serialized);
+		encoded = encoding.encode(serialized);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ export const handleGetRoot: Middleware = ({
 	}
 	res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_OK, theHeaders);
 	res.statusMessage = responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.ok();
-	res.end(theFormatted);
+	res.end(encoded);
 	return {
 		handled: true
 	};
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ export const handleGetCollection: Middleware = ({
 	responseBodyEncoding: [encodingKey, encoding],
 	errorResponseBodyLanguage: [errorLanguageCode, errorMessageCollection],
 	backendState,
+	query,
 }) => async (_req: IncomingMessage, res: ServerResponse) => {
 	try {
 		await resource.dataSource.initialize();
@@ -126,13 +127,13 @@ export const handleGetCollection: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
-	let resData: Object[];
+	let data: v.Output<typeof resource.schema>[];
 	let totalItemCount: number | undefined;
 	try {
 		// TODO querying mechanism
-		resData = await resource.dataSource.getMultiple(); // TODO paginated responses per resource
+		data = await resource.dataSource.getMultiple(query); // TODO paginated responses per resource
 		if (backendState.showTotalItemCountOnGetCollection && typeof resource.dataSource.getTotalCount === 'function') {
-			totalItemCount = await resource.dataSource.getTotalCount();
+			totalItemCount = await resource.dataSource.getTotalCount(query);
 		}
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ export const handleGetCollection: Middleware = ({
 
 	let serialized;
 	try {
-		serialized = responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(resData);
+		serialized = responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(data);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
@@ -159,9 +160,9 @@ export const handleGetCollection: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
-	let theFormatted;
+	let encoded;
 	try {
-		theFormatted = encoding.encode(serialized);
+		encoded = encoding.encode(serialized);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ export const handleGetCollection: Middleware = ({
 
 	res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_OK, headers);
 	res.statusMessage = responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceCollectionFetched(resource);
-	res.end(theFormatted);
+	res.end(encoded);
 	return {
 		handled: true
 	};
@@ -212,9 +213,9 @@ export const handleGetItem: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
-	let singleResDatum: Object | null = null;
+	let data: v.Output<typeof resource.schema> | null = null;
 	try {
-		singleResDatum = await resource.dataSource.getSingle(resourceId);
+		data = await resource.dataSource.getById(resourceId);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ export const handleGetItem: Middleware = ({
 
 	let serialized: string | null;
 	try {
-		serialized = singleResDatum === null ? null : responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(singleResDatum);
+		serialized = data === null ? null : responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(data);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
@@ -240,9 +241,9 @@ export const handleGetItem: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
-	let theFormatted;
+	let encoded;
 	try {
-		theFormatted = serialized === null ? null : encoding.encode(serialized);
+		encoded = serialized === null ? null : encoding.encode(serialized);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
@@ -254,14 +255,14 @@ export const handleGetItem: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
-	if (theFormatted) {
+	if (encoded) {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_OK, {
 			'Content-Type': responseBodyMediaType,
 			'Content-Language': languageCode,
 			'Content-Encoding': encodingKey,
 		});
 		res.statusMessage = responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceFetched(resource)
-		res.end(theFormatted);
+		res.end(encoded);
 		return {
 			handled: true
 		};
@@ -298,50 +299,50 @@ export const handleDeleteItem: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
-	let response;
+	let existing: unknown | null;
 	try {
-		response = await resource.dataSource.delete(resourceId);
+		existing = await resource.dataSource.getById(resourceId);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
 		});
-		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.unableToDeleteResource(resource);
+		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.unableToFetchResource(resource);
 		res.end();
 		return {
 			handled: true
 		};
 	}
 
-	const throwOnNotFound = !response && backendState.throws404OnDeletingNotFound;
-
-	res.writeHead(
-		throwOnNotFound
-			? constants.HTTP_STATUS_NOT_FOUND
-			: constants.HTTP_STATUS_NO_CONTENT,
-
-		throwOnNotFound
-			? {
-				'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
-				// TODO provide more details
-			}
-			: {
-				'Content-Language': languageCode,
-			}
-	);
-	res.statusMessage = (
-		throwOnNotFound
-			? errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.deleteNonExistingResource(resource)
-			: responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceDeleted(resource)
-	);
+	if (!existing && backendState.throws404OnDeletingNotFound) {
+		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_NOT_FOUND, {
+			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
+		});
+		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.deleteNonExistingResource(resource);
+		res.end();
+		return {
+			handled: true
+		};
+	}
 
-	if (throwOnNotFound) {
-		// TODO provide error message
+	try {
+		if (existing) {
+			await resource.dataSource.delete(resourceId);
+		}
+	} catch {
+		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
+			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
+		});
+		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.unableToDeleteResource(resource);
 		res.end();
 		return {
 			handled: true
 		};
 	}
 
+	res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_NO_CONTENT, {
+		'Content-Language': languageCode,
+	});
+	res.statusMessage = responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceDeleted(resource);
 	res.end();
 	return {
 		handled: true
@@ -384,9 +385,9 @@ export const handlePatchItem: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
-	let existing: object | null;
+	let existing: unknown | null;
 	try {
-		existing = await resource.dataSource.getSingle(resourceId);
+		existing = await resource.dataSource.getById(resourceId);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
@@ -411,7 +412,7 @@ export const handlePatchItem: Middleware = ({
 
 	let bodyDeserialized: unknown;
 	try {
-		const schema = resource.schema.type === 'object' ? resource.schema as v.ObjectSchema<any> : resource.schema
+		const schema = resource.schema.type === 'object' ? resource.schema as unknown as v.ObjectSchema<any> : resource.schema
 		bodyDeserialized = await getBody(
 			req,
 			requestBodyDeserializerPair,
@@ -444,22 +445,21 @@ export const handlePatchItem: Middleware = ({
 				`${i.path?.map((p) => p.key)?.join('.') ?? i.reason}: ${i.message}`
 			)),
 		);
-		const theFormatted = errorEncoding.encode(serialized);
+		const encoded = errorEncoding.encode(serialized);
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_BAD_REQUEST, {
 			...headers,
 			'Content-Type': errorMediaType,
 			'Content-Encoding': errorEncodingKey,
 		})
 		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.invalidResourcePatch(resource);
-		res.end(theFormatted);
+		res.end(encoded);
 		return {
 			handled: true,
 		};
 	}
 
 	const params = bodyDeserialized as Record<string, unknown>;
-
-	let newObject: object | null;
+	let newObject: v.Output<typeof resource.schema> | null;
 	try {
 		newObject = await resource.dataSource.patch(resourceId, params);
 	} catch {
@@ -487,9 +487,9 @@ export const handlePatchItem: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
-	let theFormatted;
+	let encoded;
 	try {
-		theFormatted = encoding.encode(serialized);
+		encoded = encoding.encode(serialized);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ export const handlePatchItem: Middleware = ({
 		'Content-Encoding': encodingKey,
 	});
 	res.statusMessage = responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourcePatched(resource);
-	res.end(theFormatted);
+	res.end(encoded);
 	return {
 		handled: true
 	};
@@ -567,14 +567,14 @@ export const handleCreateItem: Middleware = ({
 				`${i.path?.map((p) => p.key)?.join('.') ?? i.reason}: ${i.message}`
 			)),
 		);
-		const theFormatted = errorEncoding.encode(serialized);
+		const encoded = errorEncoding.encode(serialized);
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_BAD_REQUEST, {
 			...headers,
 			'Content-Type': errorMediaType,
 			'Content-Encoding': errorEncodingKey,
 		})
 		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.invalidResource(resource);
-		res.end(theFormatted);
+		res.end(encoded);
 		return {
 			handled: true,
 		};
@@ -593,37 +593,79 @@ export const handleCreateItem: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
+	//v.Output<typeof resource.schema>
+
+	let newId;
+	let params: v.Output<typeof resource.schema>;
 	try {
-		// TODO error handling for each process
-		const newId = await resource.newId(resource.dataSource);
-		const params = bodyDeserialized as Record<string, unknown>;
+		newId = await resource.newId(resource.dataSource);
+		params = bodyDeserialized as Record<string, unknown>;
 		params[resource.state.idAttr] = newId;
-		const newObject = await resource.dataSource.create(params);
-		let totalItemCount: number | undefined;
+	} catch {
+		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
+			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
+		});
+		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.unableToGenerateIdFromResourceDataSource(resource);
+		res.end();
+		return {
+			handled: true,
+		};
+		// noop
+		// TODO
+	}
+
+	let newObject;
+	let totalItemCount: number | undefined;
+	try {
+		newObject = await resource.dataSource.create(params);
 		if (backendState.showTotalItemCountOnCreateItem && typeof resource.dataSource.getTotalCount === 'function') {
 			totalItemCount = await resource.dataSource.getTotalCount();
 		}
-		const headers: Record<string, string> = {
-			'Content-Type': responseBodyMediaType,
-			'Content-Language': languageCode,
-			'Content-Encoding': encodingKey,
-			'Location': `${serverParams.baseUrl}/${resource.state.routeName}/${newId}`
+	} catch {
+		// noop
+		// TODO
+	}
+
+	let serialized;
+	try {
+		serialized = responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(newObject);
+	} catch {
+		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
+			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
+		});
+		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.unableToSerializeResponse();
+		res.end();
+		return {
+			handled: true,
 		};
-		if (typeof totalItemCount !== 'undefined') {
-			headers['X-Resource-Total-Item-Count'] = totalItemCount.toString();
-		}
-		const serialized = responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(newObject);
-		const theFormatted = encoding.encode(serialized);
-		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_CREATED, headers);
-		res.statusMessage = responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceCreated(resource);
-		res.end(theFormatted);
+	}
+
+	let encoded;
+	try {
+		encoded = encoding.encode(serialized);
 	} catch {
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
 			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
-		})
-		res.statusMessage = `Could Not Return ${resource.state.itemName}`;
+		});
+		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.unableToEncodeResponse();
 		res.end();
+		return {
+			handled: true,
+		};
 	}
+
+	const headers: Record<string, string> = {
+		'Content-Type': responseBodyMediaType,
+		'Content-Language': languageCode,
+		'Content-Encoding': encodingKey,
+		'Location': `${serverParams.baseUrl}/${resource.state.routeName}/${newId}`
+	};
+	if (typeof totalItemCount !== 'undefined') {
+		headers['X-Resource-Total-Item-Count'] = totalItemCount.toString();
+	}
+	res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_CREATED, headers);
+	res.statusMessage = responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceCreated(resource);
+	res.end(encoded);
 	return {
 		handled: true
 	};
@@ -656,7 +698,7 @@ export const handleEmplaceItem: Middleware = ({
 
 	let bodyDeserialized: unknown;
 	try {
-		const schema = resource.schema.type === 'object' ? resource.schema as v.ObjectSchema<any> : resource.schema
+		const schema = resource.schema.type === 'object' ? resource.schema as unknown as v.ObjectSchema<any> : resource.schema
 		bodyDeserialized = await getBody(
 			req,
 			requestBodyDeserializerPair,
@@ -694,14 +736,14 @@ export const handleEmplaceItem: Middleware = ({
 				`${i.path?.map((p) => p.key)?.join('.') ?? i.reason}: ${i.message}`
 			)),
 		);
-		const theFormatted = errorEncoding.encode(serialized);
+		const encoded = errorEncoding.encode(serialized);
 		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_BAD_REQUEST, {
 			...headers,
 			'Content-Type': errorMediaType,
 			'Content-Encoding': errorEncodingKey,
 		})
 		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.invalidResource(resource);
-		res.end(theFormatted);
+		res.end(encoded);
 		return {
 			handled: true,
 		};
@@ -720,40 +762,73 @@ export const handleEmplaceItem: Middleware = ({
 		};
 	}
 
+	let newObject: v.Output<typeof resource.schema>;
+	let isCreated: boolean;
 	try {
-		// TODO error handling for each process
 		const params = bodyDeserialized as Record<string, unknown>;
 		params[resource.state.idAttr] = resource.state.idConfig.deserialize(params[resource.state.idAttr] as string);
-		const [newObject, isCreated] = await resource.dataSource.emplace(resourceId, params);
-		const serialized = responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(newObject);
-		const theFormatted = encoding.encode(serialized);
-		const headers: Record<string, string> = {
-			'Content-Type': responseBodyMediaType,
-			'Content-Language': languageCode,
-			'Content-Encoding': encodingKey,
+		[newObject, isCreated] = await resource.dataSource.emplace(resourceId, params);
+	} catch {
+		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
+			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
+		});
+		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.unableToEmplaceResource(resource);
+		res.end();
+		return {
+			handled: true
 		};
-		let totalItemCount: number | undefined;
-		if (backendState.showTotalItemCountOnCreateItem && typeof resource.dataSource.getTotalCount === 'function') {
-			totalItemCount = await resource.dataSource.getTotalCount();
-		}
-		if (isCreated) {
-			headers['Location'] = `${serverParams.baseUrl}/${resource.state.routeName}/${resourceId}`;
-			if (typeof totalItemCount !== 'undefined') {
-				headers['X-Resource-Total-Item-Count'] = totalItemCount.toString();
-			}
-		}
-		res.writeHead(isCreated ? constants.HTTP_STATUS_CREATED : constants.HTTP_STATUS_OK, headers);
-		res.statusMessage = (
-			isCreated
-				? responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceCreated(resource)
-				: responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceReplaced(resource)
-		);
-		res.end(theFormatted);
+	}
+
+	let serialized;
+	try {
+		serialized = responseBodySerializerPair.serialize(newObject);
 	} catch {
-		res.statusCode = constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
-		res.statusMessage = `Could Not Return ${resource.state.itemName}`;
+		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
+			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
+		});
+		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.unableToSerializeResponse();
 		res.end();
+		return {
+			handled: true,
+		};
 	}
+
+	let encoded;
+	try {
+		encoded = encoding.encode(serialized);
+	} catch {
+		res.writeHead(constants.HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, {
+			'Content-Language': errorLanguageCode,
+		});
+		res.statusMessage = errorMessageCollection.statusMessages.unableToEncodeResponse();
+		res.end();
+		return {
+			handled: true,
+		};
+	}
+
+	const headers: Record<string, string> = {
+		'Content-Type': responseBodyMediaType,
+		'Content-Language': languageCode,
+		'Content-Encoding': encodingKey,
+	};
+	let totalItemCount: number | undefined;
+	if (backendState.showTotalItemCountOnCreateItem && typeof resource.dataSource.getTotalCount === 'function') {
+		totalItemCount = await resource.dataSource.getTotalCount();
+	}
+	if (isCreated) {
+		headers['Location'] = `${serverParams.baseUrl}/${resource.state.routeName}/${resourceId}`;
+		if (typeof totalItemCount !== 'undefined') {
+			headers['X-Resource-Total-Item-Count'] = totalItemCount.toString();
+		}
+	}
+	res.writeHead(isCreated ? constants.HTTP_STATUS_CREATED : constants.HTTP_STATUS_OK, headers);
+	res.statusMessage = (
+		isCreated
+			? responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceCreated(resource)
+			: responseBodyMessageCollection.statusMessages.resourceReplaced(resource)
+	);
+	res.end(encoded);
 	return {
 		handled: true
 	};
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 3de64b8..7189d7c 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 export * from './core';
-export * as valibot from './validation';
+export * as validation from './validation';
 export * as dataSources from './data-sources';
 export * as serializers from './serializers';
 export * as encodings from './encodings';
diff --git a/src/languages/en/index.ts b/src/languages/en/index.ts
index a315097..eb69b2f 100644
--- a/src/languages/en/index.ts
+++ b/src/languages/en/index.ts
@@ -79,6 +79,12 @@ export const messages: MessageCollection = {
 		},
 		resourceReplaced(resource: Resource): string {
 			return `${resource.state.itemName} Replaced`;
+		},
+		unableToGenerateIdFromResourceDataSource(resource: Resource): string {
+			return `Unable To Generate ID From ${resource.state.itemName} Data Source`;
+		},
+		unableToEmplaceResource(resource: Resource): string {
+			return `Unable To Emplace ${resource.state.itemName}`;
 		}
 	},
 	bodies: {
diff --git a/src/validation.ts b/src/validation.ts
index 1120a62..a4d50fa 100644
--- a/src/validation.ts
+++ b/src/validation.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as v from 'valibot';
 export * from 'valibot';
+import { Resource } from './core';
 
 export const datelike = () => v.transform(
 	v.union([
@@ -11,3 +12,7 @@ export const datelike = () => v.transform(
 	(value) => new Date(value).toISOString(),
 	v.string([v.isoTimestamp()])
 );
+
+export type ResourceType<R extends Resource> = v.Output<R['schema']>;
+
+export type ResourceTypeWithId<R extends Resource> = ResourceType<R> & Record<R['state']['idAttr'], v.Output<R['state']['idConfig']['schema']>>;
diff --git a/test/e2e/default.test.ts b/test/e2e/default.test.ts
index f25c4b0..b3eccfa 100644
--- a/test/e2e/default.test.ts
+++ b/test/e2e/default.test.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
 	describe,
 	expect,
 	it,
+	test,
 } from 'vitest';
 import {
 	tmpdir
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ import {
 	Resource,
 	resource,
 	serializers,
-	valibot as v,
+	validation as v,
 } from '../../src';
 import {request, Server} from 'http';
 import {constants} from 'http2';
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ describe('yasumi', () => {
 			v.never()
 		))
 			.name('Piano')
-			.id('id', {
+			.id('id' as const, {
 				generationStrategy: autoIncrement,
 				serialize: (id) => id?.toString() ?? '0',
 				deserialize: (id) => Number.isFinite(Number(id)) ? Number(id) : 0,
@@ -204,6 +205,7 @@ describe('yasumi', () => {
 
 		it('returns data', () => {
 			return new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+				// TODO all responses should have serialized ids
 				const req = request(
 					{
 						host: HOST,
@@ -660,4 +662,13 @@ describe('yasumi', () => {
 			});
 		});
 	});
+
+	// https://github.com/mayajs/maya/blob/main/test/index.test.ts
+	//
+	// peak unit test
+	describe("Contribute to see a unit test", () => {
+		test("should have a unit test", () => {
+			expect("Is this a unit test?").not.toEqual("Yes this is a unit test.");
+		});
+	});
 });